Physician Office Visits at Which Benzodiazepines Were Prescribed: Findings From 2014-2016 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. Increasing Benzodiazepine Prescriptions and Overdose Mortality in the United States, 1996-2013. īachhuber MA, Hennessy S, Cunningham CO, Starrels JL.
Preliminary Data from the Drug Abuse Warning Network – April 2019-October 2020. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. 70:1136–1141.ĭrug Abuse Warning Network, 2011: National Estimates of Drug-Related Emergency Department Visits. MMWR and Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Trends in Nonfatal and Fatal Overdoses Involving Benzodiazepines - 38 States and the District of Columbia, 2019–2020. Liu S, O’Donnell J, Gladden RM, McGlone L, Chowdhury F. Fatal seizures after flumazenil administration in a patient with mixed overdose. Antidotes for toxicological emergencies: a practical review. Position paper: Single-dose activated charcoal. OctoAccessed: April 28, 2022.Ĭhyka PA, Seger D, Krenzelok EP, Vale JA. 12 (1):4-10.įDA requiring Boxed Warning updated to improve safe use of benzodiazepine drug class.
A Review of Alprazolam Use, Misuse, and Withdrawal. Propylene glycol toxicity: a severe iatrogenic illness in ICU patients receiving IV benzodiazepines: a case series and prospective, observational pilot study. Wilson KC, Reardon C, Theodore AC, Farber HW. Respiratory depression by midazolam and diazepam. 14:77-79.įorster A, Gardaz JP, Suter PM, Gemperle M. A Retrospective Review of Morbidity and Mortality Associated with Acute Benzodiazepine Withdrawal at a Midwestern Academic Medical Center. Thornton SL, Whitacre J, Pallo N, Roberts N, Oller L. In the announcement, the FDA concluded that prescribing information did not provide adequate warnings about the serious risks and harms associated with these drugs, thus increasing the risk of adverse effects, especially when BZDs are used with some other medicines and substances.
In 2020, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) updated the required boxed warnings and package inserts for all BZDs to include information on the potential for abuse, addiction, and other serious risks. Treatment of BZD withdrawal is typically with a long-acting BZD (eg, clonazepam), but sucessful use of antiseizure drugs (eg, valproate, carbamazepine) has also been reported. Alprazolam (Xanax) withdrawal syndrome may be especially severe, with associated delirium, psychosis, and hyperadrenergic states. In long-term users who have developed dependence, cessation of BZDs can result in a withdrawal syndrome, with manifestations including anxiety, irritability, confusion, seizures, and sleep disorders.
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